
India’s caste system is one of the world’s oldest and most enduring social hierarchies. Its roots stretch back more than 3,000 years into ancient Vedic society. And although the Indian Constitution outlawed caste discrimination in 1950, the system continues to shape politics, marriages, economic opportunity and social interactions in profound ways. Its persistence reflects both centuries of social conditioning and its ability to adapt to a rapidly changing nation. Origins in the Vedic Age The first outlines of the caste order appear in the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE). The Rigveda’s Purusha Sukta








